碳酸盐岩喀斯特溶洞和裂缝系统的地震模拟与预测   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

贺振华  杜正聪  文晓涛 《地球科学进展》2004,19(3):399-402

提出了有助于确定碳酸盐岩裂缝带和喀斯特溶洞系统空间分布的地震正演模拟和预测方法。地震正演方法包含两个关键步骤，一是利用弹性波动方程计算含缝洞介质的有效弹性参数，另一步骤是根据有效弹性参数构成的等效地质模型，用单程声学波动方程进行波场延拓。数值模拟和实际地震数据的例子说明，将地震正演剖面与地震偏移剖面相结合进行对比分析有可能识别和预测碳酸盐岩地层中的缝洞发育带。  相似文献   

饱和湿大气Brunt-V3/4is3/4l3/4频率及修正的相当位温   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

刘栋  高守亭 《气象学报》2003,61(3):379-383

实际大气中受扰动的饱和气块发生凝结后 ,凝结水会部分脱离气块。以前研究饱和湿大气的Brunt V is l 频率 (N2 m)没有考虑凝结水的部分脱离 ,相当位温 (θe)也忽略了饱和气块的混合比的作用。文中针对这些不足 ,在假设饱和空气中只存在气液转换条件下 ,推导出液态水部分脱离气块的、更符合实际情况的N2 m 表达式和修正的饱和湿大气θe 表达式。新的N2 m 表达式增加了部分脱离气块的液态水的作用项 ,新的θe 表达式中包含有饱和气块的混合比 ,并对有关的表达式分别作了讨论和比较  相似文献   

Inverse analysis of weak and strong motion downhole array data from the M_w7.0 Sanriku-Minami earthquake     

D. Assimaki  J. Steidl 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2007,27(1):73-92

A hybrid optimization scheme, comprising a genetic algorithm in series with a local least-squares fit operator, is used for the inversion of weak and strong motion downhole array data obtained by the Kik-Net Strong Motion Network during the M_w7.0 Sanriku-Minami Earthquake. Inversion of low-amplitude waveforms is first employed for the estimation of low-strain dynamic soil properties at five stations. Successively, the frequency-dependent equivalent linear algorithm is used to predict the mainshock site response at these stations, by subjecting the best-fit elastic profiles to the downhole-recorded strong motion. Finally, inversion of the mainshock empirical site response is employed to extract the equivalent linear dynamic soil properties at the same locations. The inversion algorithm is shown to provide robust estimates of the linear and equivalent linear impedance profiles, while the attenuation structures are strongly affected by scattering effects in the near-surficial heterogeneous layers. The forward and inversely estimated equivalent linear shear wave velocity structures are found to be in very good agreement, illustrating that inversion of strong motion site response data may be used for the approximate assessment of nonlinear effects experienced by soil formations during strong motion events.  相似文献   

Comment on the effect of anisotropy on the onset of convection in a porous medium     

D.A. Nield 《Advances in water resources》2007

The effect of anisotropy on the onset of convection in a saturated porous medium is discussed. In particular, the case of time-dependent density-driven convection is examined. The applicability of the value of an equivalent Rayleigh number as the criterion for the onset of convection is discussed.  相似文献   

被动微波遥感反演中国西部地区雪深、雪水当量算法初步研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙之文  施建成  蒋玲梅  杨虎  张立新 《地球科学进展》2006,21(12):1363-1369

雪深、雪水当量是积雪研究中重要参数，其在流域水量平衡和融雪径流预报以及雪灾监测与评价中起着重要作用。Chang等(1987)以辐射传输理论和米氏散射为理论基础，假定积雪密度和颗粒大小为常数，利用实测雪深数据和SMMR的亮温数据，通过统计回归方法，建立了雪深与18 GHz和37 GHz水平极化的亮温梯度之间的关系，发展了SMMR半经验的反演雪深的算法。后在此基础上又发展了针对SSM/I的半经验反演雪深算法。2002年发射的装载于Aqua卫星上的AMSR E是新一代的被动微波辐射计，性能较以往星载被动微波辐射计有较大提高，采用了改进后的SSM/I的半经验算法作为其估算全球雪水当量的反演算法。 将AMSR E的雪水当量产品与气象台站观测的雪水当量进行比较，发现在新疆地区和青藏高原地区雪水当量的RMSE分别达到31.8 mm和21 mm。本研究旨在建立基于AMSR E亮温数据，适用于中国西部地区的雪深和雪水当量反演算法。首先收集整理了2003年新疆地区的雪深、雪水当量数据和AMSR E亮温数据，去除错误样本，利用统计回归的方法，建立了新疆的反演雪深、雪水当量的半经验算法，算法中加入积雪覆盖度参数，较以往的算法有所改进，与气象台站观测数据比较，结果也表明新疆地区建立的经验算法较AMSR E的雪水当量算法有较大改进，RMSE为15.7 mm。但青藏高原地区因海拔高，地形复杂，大部分地区积雪较浅,空间分布不均和冻土存在等诸多因素运用同样的方法建立反演算法，结果不甚理想，以后的研究将重点消除这些干扰因素。  相似文献   

Convergence-control approach for rock tunnels reinforced by grouted bolts,using the homogenization concept     

Reza R. Osgoui  Pierpaolo Oreste 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(4):431-440

The scope of this paper is to introduce a method for the analysis of rock tunnels reinforced by grouted bolts, based on the convergence-control approach. The analytical formulations presented in this paper refers to an elasto-plastic behavior of the rock mass and the latest Hoek and Brown yield criterion (Version 2002). In order to model the reinforced plastic zone, the equivalent material approach was taken into account such that the apparent strength of the rock mass is improved as a consequence of the bolting effect. The general design guides and examples presented are intended to facilitate the comprehension and application of the proposed analytical solution in practice.  相似文献   

气象参数对人体舒适度的影响研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郑有飞  余永江  谈建国  吴荣军  许遐祯 《气象科技》2007,35(6):827-831

为研究气象参数对人体舒适度的影响,用慕尼黑人体热量平衡模型(MEMI)分析了南京舒适感的概率分布、年际、月际变化以及气象参数和生理等效温度(PET)的相互关系。结果表明:各舒适感觉出现的频率差别较大,在年际分布上有波动,月际分布上很不均匀。PET随温度线性增加,在多云天气1m/s风速时增幅最大;PET和平均辐射温度之间也是线性增加关系,温度较高时增幅大;PET随着风速的增加呈现先快后慢的非线性减小关系,低温时降幅明显,高温阴天时降幅最小;相对湿度在高温时可使PET显著增加。  相似文献   

Steady flows driven by sources of random strength in heterogeneous aquifers with application to partially penetrating wells     

Gerardo Severino  Alessandro Santini  Angelo Sommella 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(4):567-582

Average steady source flow in heterogeneous porous formations is modelled by regarding the hydraulic conductivity K(x) as a stationary random space function (RSF). As a consequence, the flow variables become RSFs as well, and we are interested into calculating their moments. This problem has been intensively studied in the case of a Neumann type boundary condition at the source. However, there are many applications (such as well-type flows) for which the required boundary condition is that of Dirichlet. In order to fulfill such a requirement the strength of the source must be proportional to K(x), and therefore the source itself results a RSF. To solve flows driven by sources whose strength is spatially variable, we have used a perturbation procedure similar to that developed by Indelman and Abramovich (Water Resour Res 30:3385–3393, 1994) to analyze flows generated by sources of deterministic strength. Due to the linearity of the mathematical problem, we have focused on the explicit derivation of the mean head distribution G _d (x) generated by a unit pulse. Such a distribution represents the fundamental solution to the average flow equations, and it is termed as mean Green function. The function G _d (x) is derived here at the second order of approximation in the variance σ² of the fluctuation (where K _A is the mean value of K(x)), for arbitrary correlation function ρ(x), and any dimensionality d of the flow domain. We represent G _d (x) as product between the homogeneous Green function G _d ⁽⁰⁾(x) valid in a domain with constant K _A , and a distortion term Ψ _d (x) = 1 + σ²ψ _d (x) which modifies G _d ⁽⁰⁾(x) to account for the medium heterogeneity. In the case of isotropic formations ψ _d (x) is expressed via one quadrature. This quadrature can be analytically calculated after adopting specific (e.g.. exponential and Gaussian) shape for ρ(x). These general results are subsequently used to investigate flow toward a partially-penetrating well in a semi-infinite domain. Indeed, we construct a σ²-order approximation to the mean as well as variance of the head by replacing the well with a singular segment. It is shown how the well-length combined with the medium heterogeneity affects the head distribution. We have introduced the concept of equivalent conductivity K ^eq(r,z). The main result is the relationship where the characteristic function ψ^(w)(r,z) adjusts the homogeneous conductivity K _A to account for the impact of the heterogeneity. In this way, a procedure can be developed to identify the aquifer hydraulic properties by means of field-scale head measurements. Finally, in the case of a fully penetrating well we have expressed the equivalent conductivity in analytical form, and we have shown that (being the effective conductivity for mean uniform flow), in agreement with the numerical simulations of Firmani et al. (Water Resour Res 42:W03422, 2006).  相似文献   

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析（Ⅱ）—与遥相关型的联系     

张邦林  刘洁 《南京气象学院学报》1993,16(4):439-445

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的７层月平均位势高度距平资料，计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现：大气环流异常的正压，斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析，结果亦然。  相似文献   

亚欧及北太平洋相当正压层高度的分析及数值模拟     

欧阳首承  兰伟 《高原气象》1990,9(3):277-283

本文利用相当正压层方法,分析了亚欧及北太平洋中纬度地区47个站点的相当正压层高度,其结果与文献[1]类似。计算表明:亚欧及北太平洋的相当正压层高度平均位于359hPa,略去高原站点后,平原地区的平均高度为374hPa。相当正压层是一个波动很大的不同气压的曲面,并随地区和季节变化较大。高原和西风急流的强弱可能都是其影响因子,尤其是高原的作用值得进一步探讨。数值模拟也证实了300hPa上Rossby波比500hPa效果好。  相似文献